Results showed that the environmental performance of wine was mostly determined by the glass bottle production (for all impact categories except ozone layer depletion). The second contributor was the agricultural phase, which included two sub-phases: vine planting and grape production. Results showed that the vine planting sub-phase was not negligible given its contribution to the agricultural phase, mainly due to diesel fuel consumption. Transportation impact was found to be relevant for long distance distribution (USA); the impact categories more affected by transport were acidification, eutrophication, photochemical oxidation and global warming potential.
Suggested opportunities to reduce the overall environmental impact were the introduction of a lighter glass bottlethe substitution of the glass bottle with a polylaminate container.

The analysis carried out did not take into account the end of life of the vineyard.